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Gymnastic Nomenclature 



Young Men's Christian Associations of 
North America 



Third Edition 



Revised and Edited by the Nomenclature Committee of the Physical 
Directors' Society of the Young Men's Christian Association 



New York 

The International Committee of 

Young Men's Christian Associations 

3 West Twenty-Ninth Street 



LlBKARY Of CONSRESSi 
Two Copies rtcceived 

FEB 9 1905 

^uiss CI XXc, Woi 
COPY B. 






(.\ 



Copyright, 1905, by 

The International Committee of 

Young Men's Christian Associations 



Note to First Edition 

The following terms and definitions are substantiall}^ as 
recommended by the Conference of Physical Directors in 1892 
and 1893. Some additions, a few changes recommended by the 
Conference of 1894, and some necessary corrections have been 
made by Geo. W. Ehler. 

The Committee would urge upon every physical director the 
necessity of the general use of this system of nomenclature in 
all local work as an indispensable means toward the unifying 
of the physical work of the Associations. 



Note to Second Edition 

The Physical Directors' Conferences of the East and West 
revised this nomenclature and the Governing Committee has 
incorporated all suggestions which were adopted by both Con- 
ferences. 



Note to Third Edition 

The Physical Directors' Society of the Young Men's Chris- 
tian Associations of North America, during its session at 
Lakewood Conference in 1903, appointed the following com- 
mittee to revise the gymnastic nomenclature: Henry F. 
Kallenberg, M. D., Chairman, Chicago; William E. Day, 
Dayton, Ohio; George H. Martin, New Haven, Conn. 

The committee has considered in its work the previous 
nomenclature, the results of the study of the individual 
members of the committee, the work of the committee ap- 
pointed by the Thousand Island Park Conference of 1900, 
suggestions from prominent physical directors, and the 
graduating theses on gj^mnastic nomenclature by W. E. Day 



and R. F. Seymour, graduates, respectively, of the Chicago 
and Springfield Training Schools. 

It has been deemed unnecessary as well as impossible to put 
in print every possible movement, but the committee has 
endeavored to incorporate fundamental principles which should 
form a basis and guide for the naming of most of the move- 
ments not covered by the text of Gymnastic Nomenclature. 

This scheme, as presented at the St. Louis Conference of the 
Physical Directors' Society, was unanimously adopted as the 
official nomenclature and is recommended to all associations 
for adoption. 



CONTENTS 

Page 

CALISTHENICS i 

General Terms i 

Calisthenics i 

Class Evolutions i 

Body I 

Trunk i 

Head i 

Upper Limbs i 

Arm I 

Fore Arm i 

Hand i 

Fingers i 

Lower Limbs i 

Thigh I 

Leg I 

Foot I 

Axes 2 

Vertical 2 

Horizontal 2 

Antero-Posterior. . , 2 

Planes 2 

Lateral 2 

Antero-Posterior 2 

Horizontal 2 

General Movements. . 2 

Abduction 2 

Adduction 2 

Circumduction 2 

Flexion 3 

Full • 3 

Half 3 

Bend 3 

Rotation 3 

Extension 3 

Directions 3 

Circles 3 

Other Movements 4 



Page 

Positions 4 

Body and Lower Limbs 4 

Attention 4 

Stand 5 

Walli-Stand ' 5 

Stride-Stand 5 

Stoop-Stand 5 

Arch-Stand 5 

Toe-Touch 5 

Charge 6 

Lunge 6 

Cross-Charge 6 

Leaning Rest 6 

Front 6 

Back 6 

Side 6 

Knee 7 

Squat 7 

Half-Squat 7 

Squat Rest 7 

Upper Limbs 7 

Horizontal. , 7 

Vertical 7 

Head Clasp 7 

Hip Clasp 7 

Movements 8 

Body 8 

Turns 8 

Right 8 

Left 8 

Circles , 8 

Bending . . 9 

Forward 9 

Side 9 

Backward 9 

Rotation 9 

Circumduction 9 

Head 9 

Bending 9 

Rotation 9 

Circumduction 9 



vn 

Page 
Projection and Retraction 9 

Upper Limbs , 9 

Arm Circles 9 

Forward and Backward g 

Right and Left 10 

Rotation 10 

Flexion 10 

Arm Swings 10 

Upward 10 

Forward 10 

Sideways 10 

Downward 11 

Forward 11 

Sideways 11 

Backward 11 

Forward 11 

Shoulder Rotation 11 

Arm Circumduction 11 

Thrust II 

Lower Limbs 11 

Charge 11 

Lunge 12 

Squat 12 

Thigh Flexion 12 

Thigh Extension. 12 

Thigh Abduction 12 

Thigh Adduction 12 

Thigh Rotation 12 

Thigh Circumduction 12 

Leg Flexion 12 

Leg Rotation 12 

Foot Extension 12 

Foot Flexion 12 

Jumps 13 

Broad 13 

Upward 13 

Stride 13 

Walk 13 

Hop 13 

Runs 13 



VlU 

Page 
vStationary Run 13 

Commands 13 

Class Evolutions 14 

Calisthenics 14 

Exercises on Apparatus 14 

APPARATUS WORK 15 

Definition 15 

General Terms 15 

Terms 15 

Axes 15 

Parts of Apparatus 15 

Near 15 

Far 15 

Right and Left 16 

Front and Back 16 

Neck and Croup 16 

Pommels 16 

Saddle 16 

Rails 17 

Rounds 17 

Positions 17 

How Determined 17 

Side Position 17 

Cross 17 

Front 17 

Back 17 

Prone 17 

Supine 17 

Grasps 17 

In Side Hang Position 17 

Ordinary 17 

Reverse 18 

Combined 18 

Hook 18 

Reverse Hook iS 

Combined Hook 18 

Wide 18 

Close iS 

Cross 18 

In Cross Hang Position iS 



IX 

Page 

Ordinary i8 

Reverse iS 

Combined i8 

In Rest Position i8 

Front and Back Rest i8 

On Side Horse i8 

Ordinary 1 8 

Reverse 19 

Combined 19 

On Horizontal Bar 19 

Ordinary 19 

Reverse 19 

Combined ". 19 

On Parallel Bars 19 

Cross Position 19 

Side Position 19 

Seats 19 

Cross Riding 19 

Side Riding 19 

Left Side 20 

Right Side 20 

Side 20 

Cross ." 20 

Rests 20 

Front 20 

Back 20 

Riding 20 

Cross Riding 20 

Side Riding 21 

Free 21 

Horizontal Free 21 

Cross 21 

Bent Arm 21 

Fore Arm 21 

Astride One Arm 21 

Squat 21 

Leaning 21 

Front 21 

Back 21 

Knee 21 

Side 21 



Page 
Hangs 21 

Side 21 

Ordinary , 22 

Cross Arm 22 

Bent Arm 22 

Front 22 

Front with Head Down 22 

Back 22 

Back with Head Down 22 

Upper Arm 22 

Front , 22 

Back.^ 22 

Fore Arm 22 

Elbow 22 

Front Elbow 22 

Back Elbow 23 

Leaning 23 

Front 23 

Back 23 

Hock 23 

Toe 23 

Heel 23 

Head 23 

Chin 23 

Cross 23 

Ordinary 23 

Cross Arm 23 

Bent Arm 23 

Front 23 

Front with Head Down 23 

Back 23 

Upper Arm 24 

Leaning 24 

Miscellaneous. . . 24 

Shoulder Balance 24 

Hand Balance 24 

Fore Arm Balance 24 

Lever 24 

Front 24 

Back 24 

Half 24 



XI 

Page 

Side 25 

Elbow 25 

Movements 25 

Swings 25 

Forward or Front 25 

Backward or Back 25 

Hock 25 

Toe 25 

Head. 25 

Long Underswing 25 

On High Bar 25 

On Low Bar 25 

On Parallel Bar 26 

Drop Swing 26 

Short Underswing 26 

On High Bar 26 

On Low Bar 26 

Upstart 27 

On High Bar 27 

Upstart 27 

Drop 27 

Quick 27 

Short ... 27 

Back 27 

Quick Back 27 

On Low Bar 2S 

Upstart 28 

Drop 28 

Back 28 

Quick Back 28 

On Parallel Bars 28 

Upstart 28 

Drop 28 

Drop Between Bars 28 

Quick 2Q 

Between Bars 29 

Uprise 29 

On High Bar 29 

On Parallel Bars 29 

On Flying Rings 29 



xll 

Page 

Drop Back 29 

Circles 30 

Of the Body 30 

Giant 30 

Full 30 

Half / ... 30 

Small 30 

Back 30 

Front 30 

Free 30 

Knee 30 

Seat 30 

Hock 30 

Foot 30 

Upper Arm 30 

Fore Arm 31 

Fly Away 31 

Front 31 

Back 31 

Drop 31 

Back 31 

Forward 31 

Of the Legs 32 

Half 32 

Full 32 

Single 32 

Double 32 

Abbreviations 32 

Feint 32 

Right 32 

Double Right 33 

Scissors ., 33 

Front 33 

Back 33 

Without Turn of Body 33 

Vaults 33 

Flank. 33 

Front 34 

Rear 34 

Squat 34 

Forward or Front 34 



Xlll 

Page 
Backward or Back 34 

Sheep 34 

Wolf 34 

Thief 34 

Screw 34 

Straddle 35 

Scissors 35 

Miscellaneous 35 

Approach 35 

Retreat 35 

Mounts 35 

Vault Mounts 36 

Flank 36 

Front 36 

Rear 36 

Squat 36 

Wolf 36 

Sheep 36 

Thief 36 

Screw 36 

Straddle 36 

Scissors 36 

Needle Mount 36 

Knee 37 

Single 37 

Double 37 

Jump, Hop, etc 37 

Dismounts 37 

Front 37 

Rear 37 

Flank 38 

Squat 38 

Wolf 38 

Sheep 38 

Straddle 38 

Forward 38 

Backward 38 

Hock 38 

Front 38 

Back 38 

Still 38 



XIV 

Page 

Short Underswing 38 

Scissors 38 

Traveling 38 

Vault Swing 38 

Dive 39 

Pike Jump 39 

Cut-off 39 

Back 39 

Front 39 

Cut-off and Catch 39 



Gymnastic Nomenclature 



CALISTHENICS 

I. GENERAL TERMS 

Calisthenics comprise all exercises with movable 
hand apparatus and all exercise without ap- 
paratus, that is, exercises in which the individual 
is the fixed point about which the apparatus 
moves or the movement is made. 

Class Evolutions comprise all kinds of marching 
and running in class. 

The Body is divided for convenience as follows : 

(1) Trunk. 

(2) Head. 

(3) Upper limbs: 

a. Arm (shoulder to elbow). 

b. Forearm (elbow to wrist). 

c. Hand (wrist to fingers). 

d. Fingers. 

(4) Lower limbs: 

a. Thigh (hip to knee). 

b. L^^o- (knee to ankle). 

c. Foot. 



4. Axes. The three axes considered are (see figures 

1 and 2) : 

(1) The Vertical Axis corresponds to the spinal 

column, in whatever position. 

(2) The Horizontal Axis corresponds with or is 

parallel to a line drawn through the shoul- 
ders at right angles to the vertical axis. 

(3) The Antcro-Posterior Axis corresponds with 

or is parallel to a line drawn from front to 
back at right angles to the vertical and 
horizontal axes. 

5. Planes. The three planes considered are (see 

figures 1 and 2) : 

(1) The Lateral Plane containing the vertical and 

horizontal axes. 

(2) The Antero-Posterior Plane containing the 

vertical and antero-posterior axes. 

(3) The H orizontal Plane containing the antero- 

posterior and the horizontal axes. 

6. General Movements. 

(1) Abduction. A movement of any member 

away from the median line of the antero- 
posterior plane ; or, in case of the fingers, 
away from the median line of the hand. 

(2) Adduction. A movement of any member 

toward or across the median line of the 
antero-posterior plane. 

(3) Circuuidiiction. A movement of the trunk 

or any extremity in which the part farthest 
from the center of motion describes a cir- 
cle, the member itself, up to the center of 
motion, describing a cone. The term cir- 



3 
cle is used interchangeably with circum- 
duction in movements of the Hmbs. 

(4) Flexion. The term flexion is appHed only to 

the extremities and in gymnastic use 
means the moving of a whole or part of an 
extremity, except the head, in the direction 
in which it can be most closely approxi- 
mated. 

a. Full. The member is flexed to its fullest 

extent. 

b. Half. The member is flexed 90° approxi- 

mately, depending upon the part in- 
volved. 

(5) Bend. The term bend is used instead of 

flexion for movements of the trunk upon 
the lower limbs and of the head upon the 
trunk. 

(6) Rotation. Rotation is the turning of the 

trunk or any of the extremities upon its 
long axis. {Syn.—tortion, twisting.) 

(7) Extension. The reverse of Hexion. 

II. DIRECTIONS 

1. Circles. The direction for all circles whether of 
the trunk or extremities is determined by the 
axis about and the plane in which the movement 
is executed in relation to the position of the in- 
dividual to a clock placed : 
(1) On the floor and facing upward. In this case 
circles in the direction of the motion of the 
clock hands are right. Left circles are in 
the opposite direction. 



4 

(2) In front of and facing the individual. Direc- 

tion of circles same as in (1). 

(3) At the left side of and facing the individual. 

In this case circles in the direction of the 
motion of the clock hands are front or for- 
zvard. Back or backivard circles are in the 
opposite direction. (See figures 4, 5 
and 6.) 

2. Of Other Movements. The direction of all other 
movements, such as bending of the trunk, arm 
swings, charges, toe touches (see pages 5, 6, 9, 10, 
11, and 12), are determined by the relation of the 
individual in the center of a circle to the points of 
a compass. ( See figure 3. ) 

(1) Forzvard. The direction in which the in- 

dividual is facing. 

(2) Backivard. The opposite of forward. 

(3) Right. Toward the right. 

(4) Left. Toward the left. 

(5) Oblique. Midway between the four points 

of the compass as indicated. 

Note. — All exercises, unless otherwise directed, should be done to the 
left first, and when the limbs perform separate movements the first 
named shall be done to the left. 

III. POSITIONS 

1. Of Body and Lower Limbs. 

(1) Attention. The position of the soldier as 

given in the United States Infantry Drill 

Regulations. 

a. The position of attention in dumb-bell 

and also free-hand movements is the 

same as in (1). 



5 

b. The position of attention for zvand or 

bar-bell exercises is with arms down, 
bar across the thighs, hands grasping 
the wand with palms toward body and 
dividing the wand or bar bell into 
thirds. 

c. The position of attention in Indian club 

exercises is with the forearm half 
flexed and the upper arm holding the 
club horizontally against the sides of 
the body. 

(2) Stand. Position as in attention except that 

arms may be in any position. 

(3) Walk-Stand. Either foot is two lengths of 

itself in front of the other (heel to heel), 
both legs extended and supporting body 
equally, angle of feet as in attention (60°). 

(4) Stride-Stand. Heels are two lengths of foot 

apart laterally, legs extended and support- 
ing body equally, angle of feet as in at- 
tention. 

(5) Stoop-Stand. Legs as in attention, trunk 

bent forward at hips about 30°, back 
straight, chest out, chin in. Combining 
this trunk position with (3) and (4) gives 
stoop-walk-stand and stoop-stride-stand. 

(6) Arch-Stand. Head and upper back bent back 

to fullest extent. Legs as in attention or 
in zvalk or stride-stand position. 

(7) Toe-Toiich. One foot is advanced in the 

direction indicated, foot extended, toes 
touching the floor ; other foot in place and 
supporting entire weight of body. 



(8) Charge. One foot is advanced three foot 

lengths in the direction indicated, knee 
bent and directly over the instep. Most of 
the weight is on this foot. The other foot 
is kept in place with the knee straight. 
Both heels are on the floor, angle of feet 
remains as in attention, body erect on the 
hips and facing forward. 

(9) Lunge. This is as in charge, except that 

the moving foot is advanced as far as pos- 
sible. 

Note.— The direction of a toe-touch, charg-e or hinge may be as illus- 
trated in figure 3. 

(10) Cross-Charge, Toe-Touch or Lunge. A 

movement of either leg in manner indi- 
cated, to the oblique or rear oblique of op- 
posite side. 

(11) Leaning Rest. The body is supported by the 

hands and knees or feet. 

a. Front. The body is facing downward 

and supported by the hands and feet, 
thighs extended. When the forearms 
are flexed it is called bent arm leaning 
rest. 

b. Back. The body is facing upward and is 

supported on the hands and feet, 
thighs and legs extended. This rest 
may be with the legs flexed or with 
the thighs and legs flexed. 

c. Side. Side of body toward the floor. 

The body may be supported on one or 
both hands or on one or both feet — 
one unless otherwise indicated. 



7 
d. Knee. Body facing downward and sup- 
ported by the hands and knees. 

(12) Squat. A position arrived at by lowering 

the body, thighs and legs flexed to their 
fullest extent, body erect on hips, knees 
outward, heels raised. This position is 
called 3. full squat. 

(13) Half Squat. Body is lowered half the dis- 

tance, heels remaining on the floor. 

(14) Squat-Rest. Squat with hands resting on 

floor, body slightly inclined forward, arms 
between knees. 

2. Of Upper Limbs. 

(1) Horizontal. Arms on a level with the shoul- 

ders, in any direction in the horizontal 
plane, as front, front oblique, side, rear 
oblique ; forearm, hand and fingers ex- 
tended. Position of palms at front or 
front oblique toward each other; at the 
side palms down. 

(2) Vertical. Arms, forearms, hands and fingers 

extended upward with palms inward, un- 
less otherwise directed. 

(3) Head Clasp. Hands clasped high on back of 

head ; elbows back as far as possible. 

(4) Hip Clasp. The hands clasp the waist im- 

mediately above the hips. The fingers are 
held together in front and the thumbs are 
behind; the palms of the hands rest fully 
upon the hips and the elbows are drawn 
slightly backward. 



IV. MOVEMENTS 

1. Of Body. 

(1) Turns. Used in reference to rotations about 

the vertical axis. 

a. Right. In the direction in which the 

hands of a clock move, the clock re- 
garded as on the floor, face up. (If 
the body is brought into a position in 
which the head is downward the clock 
shall still be regarded as upon the 
floor.) Turns may be designated by 
fractions, as quarter, half, three-quar- 
ter, full or complete. Quarter right 
turn is equivalent to right face of 
military drill, half right turn to about 
face. 

b. Left. The reverse of right. 

(2) Circles. Rotations about horizontal or an- 

tero-posterior axes. 
a. Circles about the horizontal axis in the 
antero-posterior plane. Those are 
named with reference to a clock placed 
at the left side, facing the body. Cir- 
cles in the direction of the motion of 
the clock hands are front or forzvard 
circles. When executed on the floor 
as a movement of progression, or cor- 
respondingly on apparatus (as the 
parallel bars), these are called for- 
zvard rolls. Backward circles or rolls 
are in the opposite direction. Somer- 
saults are forward or backward cir- 



9 

cles, but are made in the air without 
support. 
b. Circles about the antero-posterior axis 
and in the lateral plane are named 
from the motion of the clock hands 
placed in front of and facing the body. 
Right circles, with the hands of the 
clock ; left, against the hands of the 
clock. 

(3) Bending. With the hips or waist as the cen- 

ter of motion. Direction named as for 
charge, but always with reference to posi- 
tion of trunk. 
Example— If trunk is rotated to the right, a 
forward bend will be in the direction in 
which the individual is facing. 

a. Forward. 

b. Side. 

c. Backzi'ard. 

(4) Rotation. About the spinal column as an 

axis, feet remaining stationary, hips firm. 
Direction, right or left as for turns. 

(5) Circumduction. About the lumbar vertebras 

as a center. Direction right or left as for 
turns. 

2. Of the Head. 

(1) Bending. (2) Rotation. (3) Circumduc- 
tion. (4) Projection and Retraction. 
(Chin is kept at same level throughout.) 

3. Of Upper Limbs. 
(1) Arm Circles. 

a. Forward and Backzvard. Front and 



back about horizontal axis in antero- 
posterior plane, clock as in similar 
body circles. 

b. Right and Left. About antero-posterior 

axis in lateral plane, clock as in simi- 
lar body circles. 

(2) Rotation. About the long axis of the part 

involved. The whole limb, or the forearm 
alone, may be rotated. 

(3) Flexion. Bending at elbow, v/rist or finger 

joints, that is, forearm, hand or finger 
flexion. 
a. Arms dozvn. Forearms may be flexed 

forward or sideward. 
h. Arms at side horizontal. Forearms may 
be flexed forward, downward, or up- 
ward. 

c. Arms at front horizontal. Forearms may 

be flexed inward (right to left and 
vice versa) or upward. 

d. Arms at vertical. Forearms may be 

flexed backward or inward. 

(4) Arm Swings. Movements of whole limb 

from shoulder, through fraction of a cir- 
cle. 
a. Upivard. 

(aj For-ccard-up. From position of at- 
tention to front horizontal or 
vertical, or from front hori- 
zontal to vertical. 
(b) Sidezvays-iip. From position of at- 
tention to side horizontal or ver- 



tical or from side horizontal to 
vertical. 

b. Downzvard. 

(a) Forzvard-dozvn. Reverse of up- 

ward. 

(b) Sidezvays-dowii. Reverse of up- 

ward. 

c. Backzvard. 

(a) From position of attention move 

the arms backward. 

(b) From front horizontal move the 

arms backward to side horizon- 
tal or beyond. 

d. Forzvard. From side horizontal to front 

horizontal or beyond to a cross posi- 
tion. 

(5) Shoulder Rotation. Rotary movement of the 

scalpulze, arms may be in any position. 

(6) Arm Circumduction (arm circles). From 

the shoulder as a center, about either axis, 
describing circles of any diameter indi- 
cated. 

(7) Thrust. From a position in which the fore- 

arms are half flexed, the arms are ex- 
tended, the hands moving- in a straight line 
in the direction indicated. 

4. Of Lower Limbs. 

(1) Charge. Movement to position described in 
III, 1, (8). The foot is raised but slightly 
from the floor, the bending at thigh and 
knee being continuous from the start, so 
that thigh and leg are almost in final posi- 



tion when foot strikes the floor. Trunk is 
kept erect throughout. 

(2) Lunge. Movement to position as described 

III, 1, (9). 

(3) Squat, Movement to position as described 

in III, 1, (12). 

(4) Thigh Flexion. Raise thigh forward, leg 

and foot extended. 

(5) Thigh Extension. Thigh extended back- 

ward as far as possible, leg and foot ex- 
tended. 

(6) Thigh Abduction. Moving the thigh from 

the median line to its own side. To be 
done without altering position of pelvis. 

(7) Thigh Adduction. Moving the thigh from 

an abducted position toward the median 
line, also across the median line from its 
own side. 

(8) Thigh Rotation. About the femur as an 

axis. 

(9) Thigh Circumduction (leg circles). A cir- 

cumduction of thigh from the hip as a 
center. May be started from flexed, ab- 
ducted or extended positions. Direction 
right or left, as for body circles. 

(10) Leg Flexion. Leg flexed upon the thigh 

which remains fixed. 

(11) Leg Rotation. About its own axis. Possible 

only when the leg is flexed. 

(12) Foot Extension. Straightening foot into 

line with leg, or when feet are on the 
floor raising heels. 

(13) Foot Flexion.. Reverse of foot extension. 



13 

(14) Jumps. Springing from both feet: 

a. Broad. Gaining ground in any direction 

indicated. 

b. Upward. Springing straight up without 

gaining ground. May be accompa- 
nied with various movements of hmbs, 
turns, etc. 

c. Stride. Spring to Stride-Stand and re- 

turn to starting position, both thighs 
moving simultaneously. 

d. Walk. Spring to Walk-Stand and re- 
: turn to starting position, both thighs 

moving simultaneously, also continu- 
ous alternation of feet in zvalk-stand. 

(15) Hop. A spring starting from one foot and 

landing on the same foot. 
Broad and Upivard as for jumps. 

(16) Runs. Rapid alternation of movement of 

both limbs. One foot leaves floor before 
other is replaced. 
Stationary Run. Running movement with- 
out gaining ground. May be with flexions 
of leg, of thigh, or of thigh and leg. 

COMMANDS 

Names have been given to positions. 

Commands are given either to show how to arrive at a 
position or to indicate when an exercise is to be exe- 
cuted. There are two parts to each command, viz. : 
(1) Preparation, indicating what is to be exe- 
cuted. 



14 
(2) Execution, indicating when it is to be exe- 
cuted. 

1. Commands for Class Evolutions. 

They are the same as given in United States In- 
fantry Drill Regulations. 

2. For Calisthenics. 

(1) Attention! [See III, 1, (1)]. At the com- 

mand Attention given at any time, this 
position is to be assumed. 

(2) Position! At this command the individual 

assumes a position, already indicated, 
from which a given movement is to be 
exectited. Examples : Hands on hips — 
Position ! Arms to front horizontal — 
Position ! etc. 

(3) Begin! This command is used to indicate 

when a given exercise is to be executed. 
Examples : Toe-touch left — Begin ! 

(4) Counter like! This indicates that the same 

exercise is to be executed toward the op- 
posite direction or side, or with the other 
limb. 

3. For Exercises on Apparatus. 

Exercises on apparatus are either demonstrated 
or explained and at a simple command the in- 
dividual executes the movements. 



EXERCISES ON APPARATUS 

Definiiion. Apparatus here refers to all gymnastic 
.appliances except movable hand apparatus. Exercise 
on the apparatus refers to exercises in which the ap- 
paratus is the fixed point about which the individual 
moves : this may be called heavy apparatus work, 
but not necessarily heavy gymnastics. 

I. GENERAL TERMS 

1. Terms for the positions and movements of the 

limbs and body as described under Calisthenics 
remain the same, those given under this section 
being additional and with special reference to 
exercises on apparatus. 

2. Axes. Each piece of apparatus is considered a3 

having two axes : Eong Axis, corresponding to 
the length of the apparatus ; Short Axis, cor- 
responding to a line at right angles to the long 
axis and parallel to the floor. (See figure 7.) 

3. Parts of Apparatus. The location of parts of a 

piece of apparatus, except when given peculiar 
names, is with reference to the individual stand- 
ing beside the apparatus. 

(1) The near side of the horizontal bar (high or 

low), side horse and side buck, is the side 
of the approach ; the opposite side being 
called the far side. 

(2) The end of the parallel bars, long horse and 



i6 

long- buck, toward the approach is the 
near end, the other end is the far end. 

(3) When using the parallel bars from the side, 

the nearer bar is the near bar, the other is 
the far bar, and these terms remain con- 
stant as applied from the starting position, 
whatever turns may be made in the exer- 
cise. 

(4) The parallel bars are also designated right 

and left in all cross positions, correspond- 
ing to the sides of the body, and are always 
designated with reference to the individ- 
ual's position at the ^ time, whatever the 
turn in the exercise. 

(5) In a side position between the bars, the bar 

in front is called the front bar, the other 
the hack bar, and these are always desig- 
nated with reference to the position of the 
individual at the time. 

(6) When the horse is placed for exercises from 

the side, the near side is the side of ap- 
proach and the opposite is the far side. 
The raised handles are the pommels and 
are designated as left or neck pommel and 
right or croup pommel ; the space between 
them is the saddle; the space between the 
left pommel and the left end is the neck; 
the space between the right pommel and 
the right end is the croup. When the 
horse is used lengthwise, the sides from 
the approach are designated right and left. 
The near end is the croiip and the far end 
is the neck. 



17 
(7) The parts of a ladder are rails (the long 
pieces) and the rounds. The naming of 
the rails is as for the parallel bars. 

II. POSITIONS 

1. General Positions on Apparatus are determined 

with reference to the relation of the horizontal 
axis of the body to the long axis of the apparatus. 

(1) Side Positions. With the horizontal axis of 

the body parallel to the long axis of the 
apparatus. 

(2) Cross Positions. With the horizontal axis of 

the body at right angles to the long axis 
of the apparatus. 

(3) Front. Denotes that the face or front of the 

body is toward the apparatus. 

(4) Back. Denotes that the face or front of the 

body is turned from the apparatus. 

(5) Prone. A position in which the body is 

lying full length on the apparatus face 
down. 

(6) Supine. The opposite of prone. 

Note. — In all positions on apparatus where the contrary is not indi- 
cated, or is not required by the character of the position, the body 
should be as upright as possible, the thighs, legs and feet extended and 
together. 

2. Grasps. 

(1) In Side Hang Position. (See Hangs, page 

21.) _ 

a. Ordinary. With the thumbs turned 

toward each other and grasping the 

bar on opposite side from the fingers 

(hands pronated). 



i8 

b. Reverse. The opposite of ordinary 

(hands supinated). 

c. Combined. With one hand in or- 

dinary, the other in reverse grasp. 

d. Hook. The same as ordinary grasp but 

with the thumbs grasping the bar on 
the same side as the fingers. 

e. Reverse Hook. The reverse of ordinary 

hook grasp. 

/. Combined Hook. With one hand in or- 
dinary hook grasp, the other in reverse 
hook grasp. 

g. Wide. With the hands wide apart and 
ma}^ be with any of the above grasps. 

h. Close. With the hands together and 
may be with ordinary, hook, com- 
bined, and etc., grasp. 

/. Cross. With the hands crossed and may 
be with ordinary, hook, combined, 
and etc., grasp. 

(2) In Cross Hang Position. (See Hangs, page 

23.) 

a. Ordinary. With palms turned toward 

each other. 

b. Reverse. With pahns turned outward. 

c. Combined. With one hand in reverse, 

the other ordinary grasp. 

(3) In Rest Position. (See Rests, page 20.) 
a. Front and Back Rest. 

(a) On Side Horse. 

(1) Ordinary. With palms turn- 
ed towards each other. 



19 

(2) Reverse. The opposite of or- 

dinary grasp. 

(3) Combined. With one hand 

in reverse and one in or- 
dinary grasp. 
(h) On Horizontal Bar. 

(1) Ordinary. The same as for 

ordinary grasp in the side 
hang position. 

(2) Reverse. The opposite of or- 

dinary grasp in the side 
hang position. 

(3) Combined. The same as for 

combined grasp in the side 
hang position. 

(c) On Parallel Bars. 

(1) Cross position. Grasp same 

as for side horse. 

(2) Side position. Grasp same 

as for horizontal bar. 

Seats. Positions in which the weight of the body 
is supported mainly or altogether by the thighs 
or buttocks, with or without the hands grasping. 

(1) Cross Riding. A cross position, astride the 

apparatus, weight resting on the inner 
sides of the thighs. On the parallel bars 
this seat may be across either or both bars, 
but is always understood as on both if not 
otherwise indicated. 

(2) Side Riding. A side position, astride the ap- 

paratus, weight supported on the front of 
one thisrh and the back of the other. On 



the parallel bars, unless otherwise indi- 
cated, this seat is on both bars. 

a. Left Side Riding Seat. When the left 

thigh is forward. 

b. Right Side Riding Seat. When the right 

thigh is forward. 

(3) Side. A side position, both thighs on the 

same side of the apparatus and slightly- 
flexed, weight supported by back of thighs 
and both buttocks. 

(4) Cross. A cross position, both thighs on the 

same side of the apparatus and slightly 
flexed, weight supported on one thigh and 
both buttocks. 
This seat may be assumed also by flexing the 
supporting thigh and leg, the other thigh 
and leg extended. 

Rests. Positions in which the weight is supported 
wholly or mainly by the hands, the elbows above 
the point of support, the center of gravity below 
the shoulders. 

(1) Front. A side position, arms straight, body 

supported by hands and front of thighs, 
face toward apparatus. 

(2) Back. As in front rest, but with back of 

thighs supporting and face away from ap- 
paratus. 

(3) Riding. May be side or cross position as in- 

dicated, with the legs astride the ap 
paratus, thighs touching but not support- 
ing, as : 

a. Cross Riding Rest. 

b. Side Riding Rest. 



(4) Free. Either of the preceding, with the 

thighs not touching the apparatus. A free, 
front or back rest can be held only mo- 
mentarily. 

(5) Horizontal Free. A free front or cross rest 

in which the body is held momentarily in 
a horizontal position. 

(6) Cross. A cross position used only on the 

parallel bars, one hand on each bar, 

(7) Bent Arm. Any rest in which the arms are 

flexed to their fullest extent. 

(8) Forearm. A rest with the weight of the 

body supported on the forearms. 

(9) Astride one Arm. With the thighs flexed, 

one between, the other outside, the arms. 

(10) Squat. A full squat position, hands grasping 

the apparatus. 

(11) Leaning. (See Calisthenics.) May be in 

either a cross or side position, as : 
a. Front. 
h. Back. 

c. Knee. 

d. Side. 

Note. — Rest, when without qualifications, means front rest on horse 
and horizontal bar; cross rest on parallel bars, except in side parallel 
bar exercises, when it means front rest. 

5. Hangs. Positions dependent upon a flexion of a 
part of the supporting extremity and may be 
either a side or cross position, the center of 
gravity below the point of support. 
(1) Side. A hang in side position with the grasp 
as indicated. (See Grasps, page 17.) 
a. Ordinary. With the ordinar}^ grasp, 
arms straight and not crossed. 



b. Cross Arm. Same as ordinary, but with 

the arms crossed. 

c. Bent Arm. Any hang with the arms 

flexed. 

d. Front. A hang reached by flexing the 

thighs, feet to the bar. 

e. Front with Head Down. The front 

hang with the body and lower Hmbs 
extended upward. 

f. Back. The hang reached by passing the 

lower limbs and body between the 
arms under the apparatus and turn- 
ing over as far as possible. 

g. Back ivith Head Dozvn. The back hang 

with the body and lower limbs ex- 
tended upward. 
h. Upper Arm. With weight of the body 
supported by the upper arms, the 
hands may or may not be grasping. 

(a) Front. With the arms extended 

forward. 

(b) Back. With the arms extended 

backward. 
L Forearm. With the weight of the body 

supported by the forearms, 
y. Elbow. With the weight of the body 

supported by the elbows and may be 

either : 

(a) Front Elbow Hang. Body facing 

the apparatus. 

(b) Back Elboiv Hang. Body facing 

away from the apparatus. 
k. Leanino-. With the weight of the body 



23 

supported by one or both hands (el- 
bows below the apparatus) and part 
of one or both lower limbs as, knee, 
toe and heel leaning hangs, and may 
be: 

(a) Front. Front of body toward ap- 

paratus. 

(b) Back. Back of body toward ap- 

paratus. 

/. Hock. From one or both knees without 
the aid of the hands. 
m. Toe. From the toes of one or both feet 
without the aid of the hands. 

n. Heel. From the heels of one or both feet 
without the aid of the hands. 

0. Head. From the back of the head with- 
out the aid of the hands. 

p. Chin. From the chin without the aid of 
the hands. 

(2) Cross. A hang in cross position with the 
grasp as indicated. (See Grasps, page 
18.) 

a. Ordinary. With the arms straight. 

b. Cross Arm. With the arms crossed. 

c. Bent Arm. With the arms flexed. 

d. Front. With the thighs flexed and feet 

to the apparatus. 

e. Front tvith Head Dotvn. With the body 

and lower limbs extended upward. 

/. Back. Reached by passing the lower 
limbs and body between the arms and 
turning over as far as possible. 

g. Upper Arm. With the weight of the 



24 

body supported by the upper arms ; 
the hands may or may not be grasp- 
ing. 
h. Leaning. With the weight supported by 
one or both hands (elbows below the 
apparatus) and part of one or both 
lower limbs as knee, toe, or heel lean- 
ing hangs and may be front or back. 

6. Miscellaneous Positions. 

(1) Shoulder Balance, With the body and lower 

limbs extended upward, the weight of the 
body supported on one or both shoulders, 
the balance maintained by the hands. 
Shoulder balance on one shoulder is 
always so indicated. 

(2) Hand Balance. Same as shoulder balance, 

except that weight of the body is supported 
on one or both hands, arms bent or 
straight. The bent arm and the one hand 
balance are always so indicated. 

(3) Forearm Balance. Same as shoulder bal- 

ance, except that the weight of the body is 
supported on one or both forearms. Fore- 
arm balance on one arm is always so indi- 
cated. 

(4) Lever. With the body and lower limbs ex- 

tended and held in a horizontal position, 
and, unless otherwise indicated, is a hang. 

a. Front. With front of body toward the 

apparatus. 

b. Back. With back of body toward the 

apparatus. 

c. Half. With the thighs flexed, to right 



25 

angles to the body, the latter being in 
any Hang or Rest. 

d. Side. With the side of the body toward 

the apparatus. Side lever on one arm, 
is with the supporting arm passing 
from lower shoulder across the back. 

e. Elbow. A front lever above the ap- 

paratus, the trunk resting on one or 
both elbows as may be indicated and 
is not in a hang. 

III. MOVEMENTS 

Swings. These are movements in which the body 

describes an arc of a circle. 
(1) Forward or Front. In the direction one is 

facing, straight ahead. 
(3) Backzvard or Back. The reverse of forward 

or front. 

(3) Hock. A swing in the hock hang. 

(4) Toe. A swing in the toe hang. 

(5) Head, A swing in the head hang. 

(6) Long Under swing. 

a. On High Bar, from front rest (or from 

any movement through the rest). 
The body is swung backward, letting 
the shoulders drop behind and below 
the bar, the individual swinging for- 
ward with straight arms. 

b. On Low Bar (from front rest or stand). 

The body is dropped as on the high 
bar, but the thighs are flexed so that 
the feet clear the floor as the body 
passes under the bar and are extended 



26 

after it has passed under, so that they 
are in line with the vertical axis at the 
end of the front swing. 
c. On the Parallel Bars. From cross stand 
either at the end of or in the middle of 
bars or from a side stand at side of 
bars, or from cross rest, the move- 
ment is the same as on the loiv bar. 

(7) Drop Siving (Drop back). From front rest 

drop backward, arms straight, flexing 
thighs and raising feet to bar, coming to 
hang with feet to the bar. Maintain this 
position and continue to swing. This 
may also be done on low bar or parallel 
bars from rest or stand. 

(8) Short Underswing. 
a. On High Bar. 

(a) To the floor. In the drop hack, 
as the feet tend to leave the bar, 
extend the thighs quickly, let- 
ting go of the bar when or be- 
fore the thighs are fully ex- 
tended — 
(h) And swing back. Proceed as be- 
fore, but retain the grasp and 
swing back with the body 
straight and thighs extended. 
h. On Low Bar. 

(a) From front rest, as on high bar. 

(b) From stand. By a jump to front 

rest, or free rest, or just enough 
to clear the floor, flexing thighs 



27 

immediately and proceeding as 
from rest. 
(9) Upstart. Rise to rest from the end of a front 
or back swing, usually involving a thigh 
flexion and extension. 
a. On High Bar. 

(a) Upstart. Unless otherwise indi- 
cated, this means a rise to front 
rest from the end of a front 
swing by flexing the thighs 
(feet to the bar) and then ex- 
tending them forcibly, arms 
straight. 
(h) Drop. An upstart from the drop 
suing, see III, 1, (7). 

(c) Quick (Chest heave). A rise to 

front rest from the hang with- 
out swing and without raising 
the feet to bar. 

(d) Short. Flex the thighs (feet to 

the bar) and rise to front rest 
by extending the thighs forci- 
bly without a swing. 

(e) Back. A rise to back rest by flex- 

ing the thighs at the end of the 
front swing and passing them 
between the arms and under the 
bar, swinging backward in the 
back hang and forcibly ex- 
tending thighs near the end of 
the forward swing, rising to 
back rest. 

(f) Quick Back. A rise to back rest 



28 

same as Back Upstart. Without 
a preliminary swing. 

b. On Low Bar. 

(a) Upstart. Unless otherwise speci- 

fied this means a rise to front 
rest from a stand by flexing the 
thighs, bringing the feet to the 
bar, swinging forward in this 
position and extending the 
thighs forcibly at the end of 
the back swing. This upstart 
may also be done at the end of 
a long underswing. 

(b) Drop. Same as on the high bar. 

(c) Back. Same as on the high bar 

but preceded by a long under- 
swing. 

(d) Quick Back. From a stand flexing 

thighs quickly bringing feet be- 
tween the arms and below the 
bar and proceeding as on the 
high bar. 

c. On Parallel Bars. 

(a) Upstart. Unless otherwise indi- 

cated is a rise to cross rest from 
the end of a front swing in the 
upper arm hang. 

(b) Drop. An upstart from a drop 

back at the end of front swing. 
(See Drop Back page 29.) 

(c) Drop Betzi'een the Bars. Action 

same as for drop upstart on the 
horizontal bar. 



29 

(d) Quick. A rise to cross rest at end 

of front swing in upper arm 
hang, without flexing thighs. 

(e) Between the Bars. A rise to cross 

rest at the end of short or long 
underswing as described for the 
low bar. 

(10) Uprise. A direct rise to rest from the end 

of a back swing; usually not involving a 
thigh flexion and extension. 
a. On High Bar. 

(a) Front. A rise to front rest at the 

end of the back swing. 

(b) Back. A rise to back rest by flex- 

ing the thighs at the end of the 
back swing and passing them 
between the arms and under the 
bars, forcibly extending the 
thighs and rising to back rest on 
the forward swing. 
h. On Parallel Bars. A rise to cross rest at 

end of a back swing in the upper arm 

hang. 
c. On Flying Rings. Same as on the high 

bar and may be executed at the end of 

both the front and the back swing of 

the rings. 

(11) Drop Back. On the parallel bars, a move- 

ment from rest, drop back to upper arm 
hang with front or back swing as may be 
indicated. When done with front swing 
the thighs are flexed as far as possible. 



30 

Circles. 

(1) Of the Body, 
a. Giant. 

(a) Full. Circles about the horizontal 

bar at arm's length from it. 
(h) Half. Same as the full except that 
the arms are flexed. 
h. Small. Made in the rest positions with-' 
out arms flexed. May also be 
executed by springing from the 
floor and coming to a front or 
cross rest position or to the 
floor, at the end of the circle. 

(a) Back. Executed from front rest or 

from the floor. 

(b) Front. Executed from back or 

front rest to back or front rest. 

c. Fi'ec. Executed without touching the 

apparatus with the body. 

d. Knee. Made with the grasp of one or 

both knees and one or both hands. 

e. Seat. Made in any seat with or with- 

out thigh flexion, hands grasping. 
/. Hock. Made with the grasp of one or 

both knees without the aid of the 

hands. 
g. Foot, Heel or Toe. Made with the aid 

of one or both hands and with one or 

both feet, heels or toes of one or both 

feet against the bar. 
h. Upper Arm. Executed with the weight 

supported on the upper arm, forearms 



31 

flexed, hands may or may not be 
grasping. 

i. Forearm. Executed from the forearm- 
rest position, flexing thighs and legs, 
grasping back of thighs near the 
knees with the hands. 

y. Fly Away. A somersault at the end of 
a swing at arms length. 

(a) Front. A back somersault exe- 

cuted at the end of a front 
swing. 

(b) Back. A front somersault exe- 

cuted at the end of a back 

swing. 
k. Drop. A movement from a rest position 
(the body describing a circle) , the per- 
former alighting on his feet and may 
be: 

(a) Back, from the back rest position, 

the individual arches his back 
and drops backward, head fore- 
most, flexes the thighs sharply 
and alights on his feet. Hands 
may or may not be grasping. 

(b) Forivard, from the front rest po- 

sition the body is bent forward 
at the hips, the thighs then ex- 
tended sharply the individual 
alighting on his feet. Hands 
may or may not be grasping. 

Note. — These circles are named as to direction, from the clock placed 
at the left end of the bar and facing it. Forward, is in the direction in 
which the hands move; backward, in the reverse direction. Combi- 
nations, such as knee and toe circle, will suggest themselves. 



32 

(2) Of the Legs. Movements of the lower limbs 
as described under Calisthenics, IV, 4, 
(9). 
a. Half. The leg or legs are carried from 
one side of the apparatus to the other. 
h. Full. One or both legs describe a com- 
plete circle. 

c. Single. One leg describes either a half 

or full circle. 

d. Double. Both legs simiiltaneously de- 

scribe either a half or full circle. 

Note.— For directions see thigh circumduction in Calisthenics, page 
12, IV, 4, (9). Abbreviations for writing and naming these circles are as 
follows:— 

R. ^2 right — right leg, ^ circle to right; 
R. y2 left— right leg, ^ circle to left; 
double y2 right — both legs, ^ circle to 
right ; R. right — right leg, full circle to 
right ; R. left — right leg, full circle to left ; 
double right — both legs, full circle to right. 
Circles for left leg5? substitute L. for R. 

e. Feint. A movement similar to the J4 

circle, the leg is circled about the arm 
of the same side, but instead of pass- 
ing under the hand is immediately 
returned to its starting position. It is 
used as a preliminary to other move- 
ments and the leg is swung as nearly 
as possible in the lateral plane. 
(a) Right, is with right leg; left, is 
with the left leg. When not 
otherwise indicated the move- 
ment is from a front rest posi- 
tion. 



33 
(b) Double Right, is with both legs 
about right arm. Double left, is 
with both legs about the left 
arm. 
/. Scissors. A simultaneous adduction of 
both thighs past the median line of the 
body, accompanied by a quarter or 
half turn of the body and coming to a 
riding position. 

(a) Front. Performed at the end of or 

during a front swing. 

(b) Back. Performed at the end of or 

during a back swing. 

Note.— These scissors are also designated as right or left, according 
to the direction of the turn of the body. 

(c) Scissors without Turn of Body. 

Performed from the side riding 
seat (or rest) on the horse by 
swinging the legs sideways and 
changing their position simul- 
taneously. In such cases, they 
are designated front scissors 
when the upper leg moves for- 
ward, and back scissors when 
the upper leg moves backward. 
They are also designated as 
right when the swing is to the 
right, and left when the swing 
is to the left. 

3. Vaults, A vault is a spring over an apparatus, 
from one or both feet with aid of one or both 
hands. 
(1) Flank. The body is raised sideways to a' 



LofG. 



34 
horizontal position, the side of the body 
being- toward the apparatus when passing 
over it. 

(2) Front. The body is raised sideways to or 

above the horizontal, making a quarter 
turn toward the apparatus in the rise, the 
front of the body being toward the ap- 
paratus while passing over it. 

(3) Rear. The body rises sideways with a quar- 

ter turn away from the apparatus, the 
thighs being half flexed at the same time, 
the back of the thighs being toward the 
apparatus while passing over it. 

(4) Squat. The thighs and legs are flexed to the 

fullest extent between the arm while pass- 
ing over the apparatus and may be : 
a. Forzvard or Front. 

h. Backzuard or Back. Executed by mak- 
ing a half turn of the body and 
going over the apparatus backward. 

(5) Sheep. Same as squat, but the legs only are 

flexed. 

(6) Wolf. One thigh and leg are in the squat 

position, the other limb is extended to its 
own side. 

(7) Thief. A spring is made from one foot as 

for an ordinary leap, but the thighs and 
legs are quickly extended forward in the 
rise and the hands placed on the apparatus 
as the body passes over it. 

(8) Screzv. A vault with a continuous three- 

quarter turn of the body in the reverse 
direction of the side to which the vault is 



35 

made, thighs fully extended throughout. 
When the body has been carried to the 
horizontal position above the horse it has 
made a half turn and is facing the near 
side of the apparatus, the remaining quar- 
ter turn being made during the descent 
on the far side. 
(9) Straddle. The thighs are abducted while 
passing over the apparatus and may be : 

a. Forward or Front. 

b. Backivard or Back. Executed by mak- 

ing a half turn of the body and pass- 
ing over the apparatus backward. 
(10) Scissors. Over the long horse, long buck, 
etc., is a straddle forward with a quarter 
or a half turn of the body, to a stand op- 
posite the far end of the apparatus. May 
be right or left, depending upon the turn 
of the body. 

Note.— The direction for vaults (1), (2), (3), (6) and (8) are determined 
as follows: When executed toward the right or left side of the body 
they are right or left vaults. 

4. Miscellaneous Movements. 

(1) Approach. The advance to the apparatus. 

It is started from an indicated point at a 
convenient distance from the near side (or 
end) and includes all movements up to 
the time the feet leave the floor. 

(2) Retreat. The march from the apparatus, and 

includes all movements from the time the 
feet touch the floor on the dismount until 
the performer passes a specified point. 

(3) Mounts. A mount is a spring from the floor 



36 

alighting upon the apparatus to any of the 
positions already described. Hands may 
or may not be grasping. 

Note. — The direction for mounts is the same as for vaults. 

a. Vault Mounts, vault movements alight- 

ing upon the apparatus. 
(a) Flank. Executed like the begin- 
ning of a flank vault. 

(b) Front. Executed like the begin- 

ning of a front vault. 

(c) Rear. Executed like the begin- 

ning of a rear vault. 

(d) Squat. Executed like the begin- 

ning of a squat vault. 
(May be forward or backward.) 
(ej Wolf. Executed like the begin- 
ning of a wolf vault. 

(f) Sheep. Executed like the begin- 

ning of a sheep vault. 

(g) Thief. Executed like the begin- 

ning of a thief vault. 

(h) Screiv. Executed like the begin- 
ning of a screw vault. 

(i) Straddle. Executed like the be- 
ginning of a straddle vault. 

(j) Scissors. Executed like the be- 
ginning of a scissors vault. 

b. Needle Mount. A movement on the side 

horse as follows : Needle mount right 
is a movement in which the right 
thigh and leg are flexed (squat posi- 
tion) and passed forward over the 
croup, around the right arm and over 



37 

the saddle, the left leg at the same 
time is swung over the croup to the 
far side ; the mount is finished by 
alighting in a riding seat in saddle. 

c. Knee. A movement in the side hang in 

which the thighs are flexed at the end 
of a front swing (as for an upstart), 
the leg or legs then passed under and 
over the bar, grasping it with the 
hocks, rising to a riding position on 
the bar. 

(a) Single. With one leg passing : 
(1) Between the hands, 

(3) To the outside of either hand. 

(b) Double. With both legs passing 

simultaneously : 

(1) Between the hands, 

(2) To the outside of either hand, 

(3) One leg between and the 

other outside of hands. 

(4) Each leg to the outside of the 

hand on its own side 
(straddle movement). 

d. J limp, hop, step or leap. From the floor 

to any position on the apparatus. 

(4) Dismounts. Movements from a position on 
the apparatus to the floor and are desig- 
nated as follows : 

a. Front. Executed like the finish of a 

front vault. 

b. Rear. Executed like the finish of a rear 

vault. 



3S 

c. Flank. Executed like the finish of a 

flank vault. 
d. Squat. Executed like the finish of a squat 

vault. 
e. Wolf. Executed like the finish of a wolf 

vault. 
/. Sheep. Executed like the finish of a 

sheep vault. 
g. Straddle. Executed like the finish of a 

straddle vault. 
h. Forzvard. A simple forward movement 

to the floor. 
i. Backzvard. A simple backward move- 
ment to the floor. 

Note.— (a), (b), (c) and (,e) may be done either left or right as in vault; 
(c), (d), (e) and (g) may be executed either forward or backward. 

y. Hock. A dismount at the end of a swing 
in the hock hang and may be : 

(a) Front. Dismount at the end of the 

front swing. 

(b) Back. Dismount at the end of the 

back swing. 

(c) Still. Dismount without a swing, 

sometimes called "snap-ofif." 
k. Short Underszving. Same as the move- 
ment from the high bar to the ground. 
I. Scissors. Executed like the finish of a 
scissor vault. 

(5) Traveling. Exercises in which the individual 

makes progress on the apparatus either 
forward, backward, or to either side. 

(6) Vaidt Szving. A vault movement from one 

to another part of the apparatus. 



39 

(7) Dive. A spring from both feet, the body 

going- over the apparatus head first, the 
ahghting being upon the hands and shoul- 
ders and followed by a forward roll. 

(8) Pike Jump. A dive over an apparatus, but 

the alighting is made by placing the hands 
on the shoulders of an individual standing 
on the far side and who places his hands 
against the chest and below the shoulders 
of the performer. 

(9) Cut-off. A straddle movement of the thighs 

over one or both arms, hands releasing 
grasp, accompanied by a half or full body 
circle from a hang and may be : 

a. Back. With a body back circle straddling 

one or both arms. 

b. Front. Thighs are flexed as for an up- 

start, the body is then circled forward, 
the legs straddling one or both arms. 

c. Cut-off and Catch. Same as (b), hands 

immediately regrasping without the 
feet touchinof the floor. 




PLANES 
A-A-A-A = LATERAL PLANE! 
B-B-I3-B = ANTERO-POSTERIOR PLANE 
C-C-C-C = horizonta'u plane 



AXES 
D-D = VERTICAl- AXIS 
E.- E = HORIZONTAL AXIS 
F-F =■ ANTERO-POSTERIOR AXIS. 




PLANE.S 
A-A-A-A ' UATERAL PLANE 
fb- F3-ra-f5 = ANTERO-POSTERIOR PLANE 
C-C-CC = HORIZONTAL PLANE 



AXES 
D-D = VERTICAL AXIS 
E- E - HORIZONTAL AXIS 
F- r = ANTERO-POSTERIOR AXIS. 



IJNJ? 



LEFT FORWARD OBLIQUE 



LEFT SIDEWAYS 



LEFT REAR OBLIQUE 




RIGHT FORWARD OBLIQUE 



— RI6HT SIDEWAYS 



Right rear oblique 



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AXES 
A-A- VERTICAL. AXIS 
R>-Fa= HORIZONTAL. AXIS 
C-C= ANTERO- POSTERIOR AXIS. 



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AXES 



A-A = LONG AXIS 

13- B = SHORT AXIS. 



FEB 9 1905 



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